TWN
Info Service on WTO and Trade Issues (Jul17/23)
28 July 2017
Third World Network
Developing nations and LDCs reject new E-com work programme
Published in SUNS #8512 dated 28 July 2017
Geneva, 27 Jul (D. Ravi Kanth) -- The developing and least-developed
countries on Wednesday (26 July) rejected proposals from major developed
countries and their allies in the developing world for a new work
program for electronic commerce for addressing cross-cutting issues,
trade envoys told SUNS.
At a General Council (GC) meeting on Wednesday, many developing and
least-developed countries, including India, said categorically that
the 1998 work program - "to examine all trade-related issues
relating to global electronic commerce, considering the economic,
financial, and development needs of developing countries" - must
continue because of the ever-widening infrastructure and digital divide,
according to trade envoys present at the meeting.
Ahead of the GC meeting, the developed countries - the European Union,
Japan, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Norway, and New Zealand among
others - as well as developing countries such as Korea, Singapore,
Malaysia, Hong Kong (China), Brunei Darussalam, Colombia, Laos, Moldova,
Myanmar, Nigeria, and Qatar raised the pitch for adopting a new work
program on e-commerce as opposed to the 1998 work program.
In a restricted Job document (Job/GC/132 Rev. 1) circulated on Wednesday,
some of the proponents - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Singapore,
Malaysia, Hong Kong (China), Brunei Darussalam, Colombia, Laos, Moldova,
Myanmar, Nigeria, and Qatar - argued that "the recent discussions
have highlighted the inherent cross-cutting nature of e-commerce."
While the discussions have been useful in some respects, they showed
"the siloed nature of the discussions in the respective bodies"
making it difficult to have a "holistic understanding of the
various e-commerce issues."
The proponents said that "development issues often overlapped
with the conversations under goods, services, and IP, and goods and
services issues were often interlinked (e. g. enabling services for
trade in goods enabled by the internet, relevance of e-signatures
for trade facilitation and also cross-border supply of services)."
"Compartmentalised conversations make it hard to recognise synergies,
and hence (the need) to make recommendations for a way forward,"
the proponents argued.
They said that while "the General Council is currently tasked
to oversee and to take up consideration of any trade-related issue
of a cross-cutting nature, it is not a technical forum to discuss
the inter-linkages between the issues or delve into any in-depth conversation
on e-commerce."
Further, "the current mechanism of the Dedicated Discussion also
remains an informal arrangement, and makes knowledge management challenging
as there are no formal records of the meeting," the proponents
said.
"The 1998 E-commerce Work Programme sets out the programme of
work for the four relevant bodies, with a view towards having these
bodies make recommendations to the Ministerial Conference for action,"
the proponents argued.
"Although useful work has been done, for the reasons raised in
the preceding paragraphs, there has been limited progress in making
recommendations despite nearly 20 years of discussions at the WTO,"
the proponents of e-commerce argued.
As e-commerce "is increasingly becoming an important driver of
inclusive economic development, it would be useful to have more clarity
on how to advance work, how the current process can be improved, what
issues to focus on, and how to facilitate Members arriving on concrete
recommendations on the way forward," the proponents said.
Therefore, "members should embark on a discussion on how the
E-commerce Work Programme could better facilitate more focused work
and holistic discussions on e-commerce."
Further, "members should reflect and build on the discussions
since MC10, and identify possible (i) improvements to processes, and
(ii) issues of interest, if any, that they would like to take forward.
This could be done on the basis of Members' proposals and ideas."
"The outcome of these discussions should be captured in the MC11
Ministerial Decision on E-commerce. Ministers at MC11 should give
clear direction for future work in e-commerce, with development at
the core, and set out a clear, updated framework/process through which
future work could be undertaken," the proponents argued.
Japan, which had presented a Job document almost on the same lines
last week, also called for a "holistic" discussion while
Russia pressed for WTO rules on e-commerce to be negotiated after
the Buenos Aires meeting.
China is also a strong supporter for negotiating e-commerce rules
at the WTO.
However, it said at the informal heads of delegation (HOD) meeting
on Tuesday (25 July) that it respects the red lines of developing
country members on e-commerce, according to a trade envoy who asked
not to be quoted.
In a separate development before the GC meeting, the chairs for the
Council on Trade in Goods, the Council for Trade in Services, the
TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Council,
and the Committee on Trade and Development circulated their reports
suggesting that many members remain favourable for considering new
approaches as well as a new work program for e-commerce.
India, one of the leading developing countries with a strong presence
in the software and e-commerce market, reminded members at the GC
meeting that despite opportunities for economic growth and development
from e-commerce, the "growth in e-commerce across the world is
hugely uneven which is the result of a deep and wide global digital
divide on infrastructure, skills and technology."
Therefore, India argued, the priority for members at the WTO ought
to be "to expand the internet and bridge the digital divide on
infrastructure and connectivity", noting that in India only 1
in 3 people, in Africa 1 in 4 people, and in LDCs 1 in 7, have access
to internet.
Without addressing "access to internet" on a war-footing,
"the asymmetry of information that this digital divide is creating
will transform into an asymmetry of opportunity against the interests
of developing countries," India warned.
Therefore, in the current exploratory phase, according to India, "the
emphasis should be laid on the need to understand the full scope and
dimensions of the various issues involved and address the knowledge
gap which exists in this area."
Further, scoping of the digital divide is important for all developing
countries to assess the "impact of radical, disruptive, and transformative
technological changes," India argued.
Issues such as "access to technologies, skill development, impact
of automation in developing countries, particularly on employment
and inequality between and within countries" must take precedence
over other issues, India said.
Members must discuss the transfer of technology arrangements and strategies
to deal with digital divide.
All in all, the need of the hour is to focus on the "development
dimension and concerns of developing countries and LDCs to the discussions
on e-commerce, in accordance with the letter and spirit of the WTO
work program," India emphasized.
It is futile to identify or discuss issues for multilateral rule-making
in e-commerce as "gains from e-commerce should not be confused
with the likely benefits of rule-making in e-commerce," India
maintained.
More important, "negotiation on rules and disciplines in E-commerce
would be highly premature at this stage especially given the highly
asymmetrical nature of the existing global E-commerce space,"
India argued.
India questioned the proposals made by Japan on "the transformational
impact of electronic commerce on global trade and investment,"
suggesting that "this changing trade pattern poses new challenges
both for domestic as well as for cross border trade."
"The need of the hour," said India, "is therefore sufficient
policy space for appropriate domestic and trade policies" by
focussing on exchange of information on the policies and best practices.
"Such an exchange of information must include all aspects of
e-commerce and digital trade, especially on transfer of technology
and support to development of digital infrastructure to reduce the
digital divide."
The Nairobi ministerial decision on e-commerce which is based on the
existing mandate and guidelines must continue to provide a "bottom-up
approach for productive discussions and remain open to any exploratory
discussion in the relevant WTO bodies as per the existing mandate,"
India maintained.
India rejected the proposals from Russia and other members for "establishment
of a horizontal Working Group on Electronic Commerce" on grounds
that it will take away "the role of relevant bodies in discussing
e-commerce related issues as per the Work Program which has been reiterated
in successive Ministerial Decisions."
On behalf of the African Group, Rwanda said Africa along with the
Middle East accounted for 1% of global cross-border e-commerce sales.
Several estimates prepared by ITU and other multilateral bodies suggest
that the scope and depth of the digital divide in Africa has progressively
widened.
Further, the African countries face "major impediments and challenges,
due to the lack of digital capabilities and digital industrial policy,"
Rwanda maintained.
The African Group maintained that the proponents were not even prepared
to refine their proposals to make them meaningful toward the development
agenda.
The African Group, which had held a seminar on e-commerce to highlight
the infrastructure and digital divide as well as to pursue "Digital
Industrial Policy" on 29 June 2017 in Room W for all WTO Members,
said "as much as a digital transformation is underway, and digital
technologies and solutions are emerging, many of these will be seriously
disruptive to economies around the world and we are still confronted
by the reality of a deep, persistent and widening digital and technology
divide."
It maintained that "while Members' paths towards achieving global
leadership in the digital economy have all not been the same, they
do require active policies and deliberate efforts to develop the necessary
infrastructure and to manage digital flows for national digital catch-up."
The lesson for the African Group from the seminar "is that global
integration needs to be preceded by building national capabilities
through what was termed digital industrial policy."
"What has also emerged at the Panel Discussion is the importance
of digital rights, and how a balance should be sought on the international
agenda on issues pertaining to electronic commerce and Internet governance,"
Rwanda said.
The African Group reiterated "to continue engaging in comprehensive
discussions in the relevant bodies falling under the Work Programme"
of 1998.
Uganda and South Africa, in their interventions, also maintained that
there is no need to change the 1998 work program as many issues raised
by the African countries are yet to be addressed.
Except for Nigeria and Ghana, the African Group completely rejected
the proposals by the proponents who seem determined to secure a negotiating
mandate at Buenos Aires on e-commerce.
It is clear that unless the developing countries remain solidly united
in their stand on e-commerce at Buenos Aires, they will not be able
to prevent negotiations on e-commerce rules from 2018, trade envoys
said. +