TWN
Info Service on WTO and Trade Issues (Jul16/11)
18 July 2016
Third World Network
Uruguay: Wins dispute before ICSID over its tobacco control policies
Geneva, 11 Jul (Chakravarthi Raghavan*) -- The government of Uruguay
has won the case in an investor-state dispute brought against it over
its tobacco control policies by the tobacco company Philip Morris
at the World Bank's International Centre for Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID).
The tobacco transnational giant had brought the dispute, claiming
violation of its trade and investor rights under an investment agreement
between Uruguay and Switzerland, where the company is headquartered.
Philip Morris had challenged Uruguay's tobacco control regulations
that it had put in place and implemented in order to comply with its
obligations under the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).
The tobacco company had first presented its claim in February 2010,
following implementation by Uruguay of regulations requiring health
warnings to cover 80% of the main surface of tobacco packages, and
limiting tobacco manufacturers to one unique package per cigarette
brand.
In 2014 Uruguay had imposed a ban on tobacco advertising, promotion
and sponsorship by including a new prohibition on product promotion
and display at the point of sale.
According to a fact sheet of Foley Hoag LLP, Uruguay's lawyers before
the ICSID arbitral panel, the panel ruled in Uruguay's favour against
the tobacco giant, and ordered Philip Morris to pay Uruguay's fees
and other costs, an award in excess of $7 million.
Specifically, the fact sheet said, the Tribunal rejected Philip Morris'
challenge to two regulations adopted by Uruguay to protect public
health against tobacco-related death and diseases, and prevent the
false advertising of tobacco products.
The specific regulations upheld by the Arbitral Tribunal: (1) prohibited
tobacco companies from marketing cigarettes in ways that falsely present
some cigarettes as less harmful than others - because, in truth, no
cigarettes are safe to smoke and none are less harmful than any others;
and (2) required tobacco companies to use 80% of the front and back
of cigarette packs for graphic warnings of the health hazards of smoking.
According to the law firm, the panel ruling is a landmark decision
because it affirms the sovereign rights not only of Uruguay but of
all States to adopt laws and regulations to protect public health
by regulating the marketing and distribution of cigarettes and other
tobacco products.
The ruling enables Uruguay (as well as other States committed to protection
of public health) to take additional measures to reduce tobacco consumption,
and related deaths and illnesses, by further restricting the false
and misleading marketing of cigarettes and other tobacco products.
To that end, Foley Hoag LLP added, Uruguay itself will soon require
all tobacco products to be sold in generic or plain packages, with
even larger warnings of the harms caused by smoking, in an effort
to further reduce smoking levels.
The lawyers for Uruguay viewed the panel ruling as "a landmark
decision because it affirms the sovereign rights not only of Uruguay
but of all States to adopt laws and regulations to protect public
health by regulating the marketing and distribution of cigarettes
and other tobacco products."
It enables Uruguay (as well as other States committed to protection
of public health) to take additional measures to reduce tobacco consumption,
and related deaths and illnesses, by further restricting the false
and misleading marketing of cigarettes and other tobacco products.
To that end, the fact sheet by the law firm said, Uruguay itself will
soon require all tobacco products to be sold in generic or plain packages,
with even larger warnings of the harms caused by smoking, in an effort
to further reduce smoking levels.
It is now inevitable, it added, that many other States, which have
been awaiting this decision before adopting similar regulations, will
follow Uruguay's example.
The ICSID panel ruling, the law firm said, erects a barrier "to
the cynical use of international arbitration by Philip Morris and
other tobacco companies to stop States from taking reasonable measures
to protect public health. Not only have Philip Morris' claims against
Uruguay been rejected, but the company has been ordered to pay Uruguay's
legal fees.
"Its strategy of misusing the arbitration process to dissuade
States from adopting meaningful regulation of tobacco marketing has
failed. States need no longer fear the risks or costs of such a challenge
to their sovereign rights."
Uruguay put in place these tobacco control measures under President
Vazquez, an oncologist, who has direct knowledge of the death and
disease that smoking causes. As a result of these tobacco control
regulations and policies, smoking rates in Uruguay have been reduced
from approximately 35% to approximately 23% between 2005 and 2014.
Among youth, the rate has fallen to 8.2% as of 2014.
The two regulations challenged by Philip Morris were adopted in 2008
and 2009.
In March 2010, Philip Morris filed its demand for arbitration with
the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID),
which is part of the World Bank.
Because Philip Morris International is incorporated in Switzerland,
it sought arbitration under the terms of a bilateral investment treaty
between Switzerland and Uruguay.
One of the regulations prevented tobacco companies from selling different
versions of the same brand of cigarettes.
Known as the "Single Presentation Requirement," it stopped
Philip Morris, for example, from selling Marlboro, its leading brand,
normally sold in red and white packages, in gold, blue, or green and
silver packages.
Uruguay considered (and proved to the Arbitral Tribunal) that the
use of multiple variants of the same brand was intended to falsely
communicate to consumers that some variants were less harmful than
others, when the company knew this was untrue.
The other regulation obligated tobacco companies to increase the size
of required health warning labels on the front and back of cigarette
packs from 50% to 80% of the pack. Many States have adopted similar
regulations, because it has been proven that larger health warnings
are more effective.
Following extensive written pleadings, oral hearings on the merits
of the case were held in October 2015 before an ICSID Arbitral Tribunal,
presided over by Professor Piero Bernardini of Italy. The other arbitrators
were Gary Born of the United States and James Crawford of Australia
(currently a Judge on the International Court of Justice in The Hague).
In addition to upholding Uruguay's regulations, the Tribunal also
ruled that Uruguay's courts did not violate Philip Morris' rights,
or deny it justice, when it challenged the regulations before those
courts.
Uruguay's lead defense counsel were Paul Reichler, Lawrence Martin,
Andrew Loewenstein and Clara Brillembourg of the law firm Foley Hoag
LLP, in Washington, DC.
The delegation of the Government of Uruguay at the oral hearings was
led by Dr. Miguel Angel Toma, Secretary of the Presidency, accompanied
by, among others, the Minister of Public Health, Dr. Jorge Basso,
and Uruguay's Ambassador to the United States, Dr. Carlos Gianelli.
In specific legal findings, the panel ruled:
* Uruguay did not violate any of its obligations under the Switzerland/Uruguay
Bilateral Investment Treaty, or deny Philip Morris any of the protections
provided by that Treaty.
* Uruguay's regulatory measures did not "expropriate" Philip
Morris's property. They were bona fide exercises of Uruguay's sovereign
police power to protect public health, developed by highly trained
tobacco control experts and physicians in the Ministry of Public Health
with the support of experts from civil society.
* The measures did not deny Philip Morris "fair and equitable
treatment" because they were not arbitrary; instead, they were
reasonable measures strongly supported by the scientific literature,
and had received broad support from the global tobacco control community.
* The measures did not "unreasonably and discriminatorily"
deny Philip Morris the use and enjoyment of its trademark rights,
because they were enacted in the interests of legitimate policy concerns
and were not motivated by an intention to deprive Philip Morris of
the value of its investment.
* Uruguay's courts did not "deny justice" to Philip Morris.
Instead, the Tribunal found that Philip Morris had received due process
and fair treatment from the Uruguayan courts.
According to the law firm, Uruguay intends to enact further policies
to continue to promote the public health of its citizens, including
a requirement that cigarettes be sold in plain or generic packaging
that cannot be used to lure adolescents, or other persons, into tobacco
addiction.
[A post at IELP blog (http://worldtradelaw.typepad.com/),
said the ruling was by a two-to-one, with one panellist dissenting,
with the view that Phillip Morris had a case. The full text of the
ruling is at (http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/content/press_office/2016/2016_07_08_uruguay.pdf).
The entire Award, in English and Spanish, as well as President Vazquez's
comments on it, will be made available online today at http://presidencia.gub.uy/]
This latest development in the dispute brought against Uruguay has
come just as plain packaging measures by Australia have been challenged
at the World Trade Organization (in disputes raised by Cuba, the Dominican
Republic, Honduras and Indonesia), and the dispute is pending a ruling.
There are also pending investor-state dispute settlement/arbitration
processes raised under a bilateral investment treaty between Australia
and Hong Kong-China.
What effect the present ruling will have in the WTO proceedings, or
in the separate investor-state dispute process remains to be seen,
as also in relation to the wider international concerns raised over
some of the plurilateral trade and investment treaties (the TPP, pending
acceptance in the US Congress), and the TTIP (between the US and EU
under negotiations).
(* Chakravarthi Raghavan is the Editor-Emeritus of the SUNS.) +