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THIRD WORLD NETWORK BIOSAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE 22 June 2005
RE: Impact of Bt cotton in South Africa far from rosy We bring to your attention the results of a five-year study by Biowatch South Africa of the impact of Bt cotton in Northern Kwa Zulu Natal which shows that the GM crop has not benefited the majority of small scale farmers in the region in South Africa. While the initial years saw a willing adoption of Bt cotton, subsequent years saw fewer and fewer farmers planting the crop largely due to successive drought, lack of credit and the low prices of cotton. Since Bt cottonseeds are double the price of non-GM cotton, farmers increased their debt to be able to plant it, thereby increasing their risk. In the final income analysis, only four farmers of the total sample of 36 farmers made a profit. The study found that most of the farmers had accumulated a massive debt. The use of Bt cotton was supposed to help reduce dependence on pesticides use on bollworm, thus saving on insecticides and increasing yields. However, this was not the case in Makhathini. Instead, new secondary pests emerged that required the use of more pesticides. The study also found that Bt cotton does not address farmers needs especially those living in poverty while favouring the better-off farmers and businessmen at the expense of the poor. Makhathini has often been promoted by the GM industry, which showcases the region as a success story. These latest findings show that it is no longer the case as Bt cotton has failed a significant number of farmers and brought even greater problems to many. Below is a press release announcing the findings. A summary of the findings is found at http://www.grain.org/seedling/?id=330. The article will form part of a comprehensive research paper on the topic that will be published later in the year.
GRAIN NEWS RELEASE South Africa: 26 May 2005
Despite claims that Bt cotton will catapult African farmers out of poverty, recent reports revealed that the majority of Bt small-scale cotton farmers on the Makhathini Flats in South Africa have stopped planting Bt cotton because they cannot repay their debts. A five year study by Biowatch South Africa, has shown that small-scale cotton farmers in Northern KwaZulu Natal have not benefited from Bt cotton and that the hype surrounding this case is just that - a media hype created by American biotechnology companies to try and convince the rest of Africa why they should approve genetically modified crops. A summary of this study has just been published in GRAIN's quarterly magazine, Seedling (available at http://www.grain.org/seedling/?id=330). Bt cotton is genetically modified (GM) to be an insecticide, supposedly eliminating the need to spray against bollworm, saving on insecticides and increasing yields. However this study shows that Bt cotton has failed on a number of fronts: farmers are in debt and credit institutions have withdrawn from the area because farmers cannot repay their loans and the number of farmers planting cotton has dropped by 80% since 2000. One farmer commented: "Four years ago we were told we would make lots of money but we work harder and make nothing". A recent three year study of Indian small-scale farmers in the Warrangal district, Andra Pradesh, echoes these findings: farmers are in debt as a result of increased cost and lower yields (12% less than non-Bt cotton) and there has been little difference in pesticide reduction (see full report at http://grain.org/research/?id=302) In Makhathini, Bt cotton compounded the problems that African cotton farmers typically face. After the introduction of Bt cotton, the Makhathini farmers were hit with droughts and low cotton prices. Since Bt cottonseeds are double the price of non-GM cotton, farmers increased their debt to be able to plant it, thereby increasing their risk. Only four farmers of the total sample of 36 Bt cotton farmers followed in the study made a profit. The net loss for these 36 farmers was US$ 83,348. Such debt and income problems are rampant for Makhathini farmers. According to a local Land Bank official, farmers in Makhathini owe an average of US$ 1,322 per farmer and around 80% of them have defaulted on their loans. Mr Lawrence Mkhaliphi, who did fieldwork for the study and is based in the area said that: "The damage is increasing for the local farmers and their livelihoods are negatively impacted on." He added that the responsible government departments are not aware of the situation on the ground. The South African government has instead been very supportive of GM crops, putting in place biosafety legislation to accommodate the biotech industry. Makhathini was the GM industry's showcase for how transgenic crops can help the poor. Monsanto, the US company that owns the patent on the technology, and USAID have brought African scientists, farmers, journalists and other opinion makers in droves to Makhathini. In 2003 the chairman of the local farmers' association, Mr TJ Buthelezi, was flown to the US to stand next to Robert Zoellick, the US trade representative, when he announced that the US will take the EU to the World Trade Organisation to challenge its stand on GM crops and food. "With the Makhathini miracle is now in tatters, the GM industry is bound to dig up another 'success story'", said Elfrieda Pschorn-Strauss, one of the researchers. In South Africa, the GM industry has already shifted its attention to the promotion of GM maize, citing yields of up to 400% for small farmers in areas such as Hlabisa. She added that: "It would be wise to keep in mind the rise and fall of the Makhathini farmers whenever the industry talks about the benefits of GM crops for the poor". South Africa was the first African country to introduce GM crops but field trials for Bt cotton are taking place in Kenya, Burkina Faso, and Egypt, while countries like Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, Benin and Mali are heavily pressured to open their doors, despite their reluctance to do so. The study sends a clear warning to other African countries that Makhathini is not the fairy tale it is made out to be and that where African cotton farmers are already struggling to compete with the US on world markets, opening their doors to GM crops will only expose them to more risk and increase dependency on multinational companies.
NOTES: For more information
or queries contact Elfrieda Pschorn-Strauss GRAIN is an international non-governmental
organisation (NGO) which promotes the sustainable management and use of
agricultural biodiversity BT COTTON: GRAIN follows closely the latest news and documents on Bt cotton. Visit http://grain.org/go/btcotton. The Seedling article "Bt cotton in South Africa: the case of the Makhathini farmers" can be found here: http://grain.org/seedling/?id=330. A table on "Field trials and commercial releases of Bt cotton around the world" can also be found here: http://grain.org/research/?id=306
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