The
most bombed country on earth
The
scale and nature of the bombing which the US carried out in Laos during its 1964-73 'Secret War'
have no precedent. The cluster bombs it dropped still continue to kill
and maim men, women and children of this impoverished country. And yet,
observes Tom Fawthrop, men like Dr Henry Kissinger who were behind
these war crimes have never been brought to book and the US
still refuses to sign the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
LAOS,
a small landlocked country in South-East Asia
known as 'the most bombed country on earth', fittingly hosted an international
disarmament conference in November 2010.
This
was a follow-up to an Oslo
conference in 2008 when 94 nations signed the Convention on Cluster
Munitions (CCM), an international treaty to ban all cluster weapons
(see box on p.42) following in the footsteps of the global campaign
to ban landmines which came into force in 1999.
'This
convention is a humanitarian instrument in nature that aims to liberate
ourselves from fear and threat of cluster bombs,' Saleumxay Kommasith,
director general of the department of international organisations at
the Lao foreign ministry, told IPS news agency. 'We view our role in
the cluster ban treaty as a contributor to the global effort to ban
cluster munitions.'
During
the 'Secret War' waged by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from
1964 to 1973 against communist and nationalist forces in Laos, more
bombs were dropped on this rural nation of poor farmers than all the
explosives dropped on Germany and Japan in the Second World War. Over
two million tons of ordnance was dropped over Laos during the
580,000 bombing missions - this equates to approximately a planeload
of bombs every eight minutes, 24 hours a day, for nine years.
A
Secret War? The war was no secret to the poor farmers and their families,
terrorised by the US air force.
It was not a secret war in the minds of a multitude of refugees who
fled their farmland to seek refuge in caves, or the tens of thousands
who flocked to the safety of the capital Vientiane
and its camps for displaced persons.
But
this CIA-run war was deliberately kept hidden from the US Congress and
the US media. A succession
of US presidents lied to their people and denied any US military involvement in Laos. The nation's
attention was focused on neighbouring Vietnam
where there were half a million US
soldiers on the ground.
Victims'
account
Fred
Branfman was shocked to discover, when interviewing refugees from the
Plain of Jars in 1969, that his government had been secretly bombing
this area of Xieng Khouang province for five years and he, a US
citizen living in Laos, knew nothing
about it.
Several
books have been published about the various aspects of the war. Some
of these books, such as The Ravens, have glorified Air America, the
CIA airline that supplied food and arms to a mercenary army composed
of Hmong tribespeople and people of Thai and other nationalities on
the CIA payroll, recruited to fight the Pathet Lao, a communist-led
force with strong rural support.
Branfman's
book, Voices from the Plain of Jars, is the only account from the perspective
of the victims of the aerial bombardment. The poor rice farmers had
no idea why some mighty alien force wished to exterminate them. They
did not know how innocent civilians had become targets, even less could
they understand why their homeland was being pulverised.
First
published in 1972 and reprinted in 2010 on the occasion of the CCM conference
in Laos, Branfman's
book reproduces a collection of interviews with refugees and their children's
drawings of the war.
In
1971 the Royal Lao government, which was totally dependent on US
aid for its survival, expelled Branfman for publicising information
about the US bombings.
On
22 April 1971 he testified before a US Senate committee hearing on the
bombing of Laos and told them, 'The evidence is clear that
the US
is conducting the most protracted bombing of civilian targets in history.'
In
the introduction to the 2010 edition of his book, Branfman writes, 'The
US bombing and its deadly legacy of cluster bombs has tormented and
tortured the innocent people of Laos for nearly 50 years now . If there
is any justice in this world, the international community will at least
now find a way to clean up the unexploded ordnance still destroying
the lives of the innocent, and offer assistance to the victims.'
After
the shooting stops
Landmines
and unexploded cluster bombs do not observe peace treaties and ceasefires.
Lurking just beneath the ground or concealed by vegetation, they continue
to kill people long after the shooting stops and the war is over.
Farmers
tilling their land are often maimed or killed when striking 'bombies'
that settle below ground. Children are frequent victims because they
are attracted to the bombies' bright colours and odd shapes.
In
Laos at least
250 million cluster sub-munitions were dropped. Using a minimum failure
rate (failure to explode) of 5% and a maximum of 30%, it is estimated
that at least 78 million sub-munitions remain unexploded after impact.
Forty years later, 13 out of Laos'
15 provinces remain contaminated by unexploded bombs and the debris
of war.
Cluster
munitions account for well over 50% of all the explosive remnants of
war (ERW) casualties in Laos,
according to official estimates. In some areas the cluster munitions
threat has actually increased due to a high demand for new agricultural
land and growing numbers of people collecting unexploded ordnance (UXO)
as scrap metal.
The
civilian toll makes for grim reading. Over 50,000 people have been killed
or injured as a result of UXO accidents between 1968 and 2008, according
to the UXO regulatory body in Laos.
Cluster
bomb convention
In
a world still plagued by cluster bombs, 94 countries came together in
Oslo in December 2008 to sign up to a global
ban. At present, 108 countries have joined the CCM, including 57 which
have ratified the treaty, which came into force on 1 August 2010.
The
US is not one
of them. Its military is the largest manufacturer and user of cluster
munitions and has deployed them in the Gulf War,
Iraq and Afghanistan. These weapons are normal
parts of their arsenal, with the US possessing a very large stockpile
of cluster munitions. US Defence Secretary Robert Gates has said cluster
munitions are regarded by the US as 'legitimate weapons with clear
military utility'.
Richard
Kidd, the Director of the Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement in
the US State Department, wrote in 'Is There a Strategy for Responsible
US Engagement on Cluster Munitions?' (28 April 2008): 'Cluster munitions
are available for use by every combat aircraft in the US inventory,
they are integral to every Army or Marine manoeuvre element and in some
cases constitute up to 50% of tactical indirect fire support.'
Israel also liberally deployed cluster weapons
as part of its 2006 bombing campaign in Lebanon.
Russia
is another major country that has resisted the overwhelming humanitarian
arguments that have convinced most governments that cluster bombs must
be outlawed. Regrettably, many developing countries, including China,
India, Pakistan and Brazil, are also yet to sign on to
the CCM.
Among
Asian countries, only Japan,
Laos and Lebanon have ratified the convention.
Thailand recently
deployed cluster bombs in its border dispute with Cambodia.
The
US empire
and its denial of responsibility
The
US government in its public relations
has always claimed to be a world leader in the disbursement of humanitarian
aid for the developing world.
However,
the victims of the 'Secret War' 40 years ago and new victims who suffer
from bombs being accidentally detonated today, have received zero compensation
and minimal medical aid for the terrible injuries inflicted by cluster
bombs and other weapons.
The
US government spent $10 billion on bombing Laos
back into the Stone Age, but only a paltry $5 million was allocated
in 2010 to cleaning up the vast swathes of valuable farmland still infested
with the deadly legacy of the war.
But
when it comes to searches for bones of American soldiers classified
as 'missing in action', the budget for Laos,
Cambodia and Vietnam has already run into the hundreds
of millions.
What
Washington has done to Laos,
to Vietnam
and its own indigenous people could readily qualify as crimes against
humanity.
Alfred
McCoy, Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in
the US, says towards the end of the film
The Most Secret Place on Earth (directed by Marc Eberle): 'We destroyed
a whole civilisation, we wiped it off the map. We incinerated, atomised
human remains in this air war.'
However,
by its refusal to sign up to the International Criminal Court (ICC),
the US exempts itself from any global
jurisdiction and proclaims its impunity from prosecution and accountability.
War
criminal?
Henry
Kissinger, President Nixon's Secretary of State, directly authorised
the bombing of Laos, and also supervised the 'secret bombing'
of Cambodia
during the same period.
Various
private prosecutions have accused him of being a war criminal for his
involvement in carpet bombing of Laos,
Cambodia and Vietnam. In addition, human rights
groups also hold him responsible for the brutal invasion of East Timor
(1975) and the Pinochet coup in Chile
(1973).
But
inside the US, Kissinger
is anything but a wanted man. He is toasted by high society, and CNN
frequently invites him to appear on screen as a respected commentator
on world affairs.
Viewed
through the prism of the US
ideology that they send troops around the world for a benevolent purpose,
the blood on Kissinger's hands is invisible. His intimate connection
to cluster bombs and murder by fragmentation has been either erased
from memory or never recorded by most US
media networks.
The
ICC is now knocking at Colonel Gaddafi's door. And yet the alleged war
crimes of Gaddafi pale in comparison with the destruction inflicted
on Laos, Cambodia
and Vietnam.
Tom
Fawthrop is a journalist and filmmaker who has been based in South-East
Asia for 30 years. His latest documentary is Where Have
All the Fish Gone?: Killing the Mekong Dam by Dam (Eureka Films).
What is a cluster bomb?
THE
tennis-ball-sized cluster bombs, also known as 'bombies', are
designed to kill individuals. Hundreds of bombies are packed into
a single canister. These canisters are dropped from a plane and
then open in mid-air, dispersing bombies over an area the size
of several football fields.
Each
bombie contains some 300 metal fragments, and if all the bombies
in a canister detonate, approximately 200,000 metal fragments
are propelled in every direction. Cluster bombs release their
fragments at high velocity. When they strike human flesh, they
create pressure waves that do massive damage to tissues and organs.
A single fragment can explode the intestines or rupture the spleen
even when that fragment enters the body some distance from these
organs.
Cluster
bombs fail to detonate 10-30% of the time and can stay hidden
in the landscape for decades. In Laos,
an estimated 78 million or more unexploded bombies remain as a
deadly legacy of the US war.
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*Third
World Resurgence No. 250, June 2011, pp 40-42
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