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Global Trends
by Martin Khor
Monday 16 November 2009
Reform push must continue
A big debate is taking place in the United States
on whether there is need to prevent financial institutions from being
involved in both commercial and risky investment banking activities.
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A year ago, as banks were on the brink of collapse, and Western
governments spent trillions of dollars to bail them out, it seemed there
would be reforms to rein in the banks’ power and change the rules to
prevent another crisis.
Yet to date there have been few basic changes to the rules. Many analysts
believe the opportunity for making the needed reforms, at the height
of the crisis, may have passed, and that the banks and their powerful
lobby groups have reasserted themselves. The danger is that there will
be a return to “business as usual”, until the next crisis.
Nevertheless, there are still powerful figures voicing the need for
various reforms. Whenever they speak up, there is a negative response
from the banking industry, claiming the proposals won’t work and will
have negative results.
Though the momentum for reform may have waned, the fight continues.
The issue that has most captured media attention is the attempt to curb
excessive salaries and bonuses paid to bank executives.
Public outrage continues, because there is a return to such high bonuses,
as those recently given out to Goldman Sachs bankers.
Two other issues that involve see-saw battles of opinion and possible
actions are whether to impose a tax on financial transactions to curb
speculative activities, and whether to re-establish a firewall between
commercial banking activities and risky operations like those carried
out by investment banks.
The transactions tax had earlier been championed by France
and Germany.
Then at the recent G20 finance ministers’ meeting in Scotland, the UK Prime Minister Gordon
Brown unexpectedly joined the advocates and proposed that the G20 consider
the tax.
Cold water was immediately thrown on this by the US Treasury Secretary
Timothy Geithner, and Brown apparently retreated the following day,
but a news report a few days ago suggested that the Prime Minister will
still pursue the matter.
The aim of the proposed tax, often known as the Tobin tax, is to impose
a small charge of below 1 per cent on financial transactions so as
to make speculative activities unprofitable. would not be profitable.
Lord Turner, the
chairman of the UK’s
Financial Services Authority, a few months ago commented that much of
the financial activities in the UK
do not have social value, and he proposed the transactions tax to curb
speculation. He was fiercely attacked by bankers, though equally supported
by public interest groups. When Gordon Brown lent his weight to the
tax at the G20 meeting last fortnight, the proposal was given a new
life.
Meanwhile, a big debate is taking place in the United States on whether
there is the need to prevent a financial institution from being involved
in both commercial banking activities (which rely on depositers’ funds)
and in risky investment bank activities.
Depositors’ funds need to be protected, and thus should not be subjected
to the highly leveraged and risky investments in capital markets that
can easily go wrong, as shown so spectacularly in the current financial
crisis.
In 1933, from lessons learnt during the Great Depression, the Glass-Steagall
Act was adopted by the US Congress, that disallowed commercial banks
from combining their commercial banking activities with other financial
operations such as investment banking and insurance. This protected
depositors and also prevented the financial sector from assuming too
much risk.
This conservative approach had served the economy well, but in 1999
this Act was repealed. It opened the door for financial institutions
to combine commercial banking with more risky financial operations,
and many believe that this major deregulation is one of the root causes
of the 2008-2009 financial crisis.
Because depositors’ funds are involved, and the operations are so inter-linked,
the giant financial institutions have become “too big to fail” and to
prevent their collapse, billions of dollars of public bail-out funds
had to be spent.
Influential figures such as Paul Volker, the former Federal Reserve
chairman, have called for the reinstatement of a law based on the Glass-Steagall
principle, and for the big institutions to be broken up, so that commercial
banks stick only to their conservative business.
On 5 November, the former long-time CEO of Citigcorp, John Reed, a leading
figure pushing for the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999, apologized
for his role in building this bank into a huge conglomerate combining
commercial banking with other operations, and called for a new law to
separate the functions of the large financial institutions.
In 1998, Citicorp (a commercial bank) merged with Travelers Group Inc.,
which owned the investment firm Salomon Smith Barney Holdings, to form
Citigroup.
The repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999 allowed this new combine
to operate. Reed was CEO of Citicorp for 14 years until it became
Citigroup, which he then co-led until 2000.
Citigroup
was one of the institutions most responsible for the financial crisis,
as well as most affected by the crisis. It lost $27.7 billion in 2008
and had $118 billion in writedowns. It was kept afloat by $45 billion
in direct aid and much more in loan guarantees.
In an interview with the media group Bloomberg, Reed said that reforms
of financial regulations by the US Congress should include ordering
banks to hold more capital, ensuring executives’ compensation is aligned
with long-term profitability and banning firms that take deposits from
also engaging in equities and fixed-income trading.
“I would compartmentalize the industry for the same reason you compartmentalize
ships,” Reed said. “If you have a leak, the leak doesn’t spread and
sink the whole vessel. So generally speaking you’d have consumer banking
separate from trading bonds and equity.”
Reed added that the Congress was wrong to repeal the Glass- Steagall
Act in 1999. He had supported the repeal, and now he says: “We learn
from our mistakes.”
According to Bloomberg, Citigroup pioneered the production of collateralized
debt obligations, bundles of loans turned into securities that sold
to investors. The CDOs lost value when sub-prime mortage borrowers
defaulted on their payments, and this was a major part of the Citigroup’s
writedowns and losses.
According to Robert Weissman, President of the consumer group Public
Citizen (founded by Ralph Nader), the repeal of Glass-Steagall in 1999
changed the culture of commercial banking to emulate Wall Street's high-risk
speculative betting approach, and this was an important factor creating
the financial crisis.
Weissman makes the following proposals to clean up the current financial
mess:
·
Return to Glass-Steagall's principle that depository institutions backed
by federal insurance protection cannot be involved in the risky, speculative
betting of the investment banking world.
·
In the same line, and more broadly, commercial banks should not be in
the business of speculation. Their job is to providing credit to the
real economy, and not to engage in betting on derivatives and other
exotic financial instruments.
·
Giant financial institutions exercise too much political power, and
for that reason alone must be broken up.
·
Broad reform in the area of money and politics, including restrictions
on lobbying and on the “revolving door” through which individuals spin
between positions in government and industry.
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